Hati-Hati Bila Terlalu Banyak Kerja
Tradisi jam kerja panjang yang terjadi pada era industrial awal mulai menurun bila dibandingkan dengan saat ini. Era industrial awal, rata-rata pekerja bekerja 60-70 jam per minggu<!--[if supportFields]> ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"haWdtS38","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(1)","plainCitation":"(1)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":191,"uris":["https://zotero.org/users/local/AOY6ZtVT/items/3CWZRQP7"],"itemData":{"id":191,"type":"post-weblog","abstract":"People who work a lot (more than 55 hours a week) are at a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, especially stroke.","container-title":"Observatoire de la prévention","language":"en-US","title":"Overwork can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease","URL":"https://observatoireprevention.org/en/2019/05/06/overwork-can-increase-the-risk-of-cardiovascular-disease/","author":[{"family":"FRCP","given":"Dr Martin Juneau","suffix":"M. D."}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2022",9,21]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} <![endif]-->(1)<!--[if supportFields]><![endif]-->. Jepang sebagai salah satu negara industry maju, kematian prematur akibat stroke, perdarahan otak, gagal jantung akut, serangan jantung, dan robekan aorta, berhubungan dengan bekerja berlebihan (overwork). Selain itu, overwork juga menyumbang sekitar 12?ri penyebab bunuh diri di Jepang<!--[if supportFields]> ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"pO2KoLF0","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(2)","plainCitation":"(2)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":187,"uris":["https://zotero.org/users/local/AOY6ZtVT/items/GSS2JBF3"],"itemData":{"id":187,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"The Lancet","DOI":"10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60295-1","ISSN":"0140-6736, 1474-547X","issue":"10005","journalAbbreviation":"The Lancet","language":"English","note":"publisher: Elsevier\nPMID: 26298822","page":"1739-1746","source":"www.thelancet.com","title":"Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data for 603 838 individuals","title-short":"Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke","volume":"386","author":[{"family":"Kivimäki","given":"Mika"},{"family":"Jokela","given":"Markus"},{"family":"Nyberg","given":"Solja T."},{"family":"Singh-Manoux","given":"Archana"},{"family":"Fransson","given":"Eleonor I."},{"family":"Alfredsson","given":"Lars"},{"family":"Bjorner","given":"Jakob B."},{"family":"Borritz","given":"Marianne"},{"family":"Burr","given":"Hermann"},{"family":"Casini","given":"Annalisa"},{"family":"Clays","given":"Els"},{"family":"Bacquer","given":"Dirk De"},{"family":"Dragano","given":"Nico"},{"family":"Erbel","given":"Raimund"},{"family":"Geuskens","given":"Goedele A."},{"family":"Hamer","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Hooftman","given":"Wendela E."},{"family":"Houtman","given":"Irene L."},{"family":"Jöckel","given":"Karl-Heinz"},{"family":"Kittel","given":"France"},{"family":"Knutsson","given":"Anders"},{"family":"Koskenvuo","given":"Markku"},{"family":"Lunau","given":"Thorsten"},{"family":"Madsen","given":"Ida E. H."},{"family":"Nielsen","given":"Martin L."},{"family":"Nordin","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Oksanen","given":"Tuula"},{"family":"Pejtersen","given":"Jan H."},{"family":"Pentti","given":"Jaana"},{"family":"Rugulies","given":"Reiner"},{"family":"Salo","given":"Paula"},{"family":"Shipley","given":"Martin J."},{"family":"Siegrist","given":"Johannes"},{"family":"Steptoe","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Suominen","given":"Sakari B."},{"family":"Theorell","given":"Töres"},{"family":"Vahtera","given":"Jussi"},{"family":"Westerholm","given":"Peter J. M."},{"family":"Westerlund","given":"Hugo"},{"family":"O'Reilly","given":"Dermot"},{"family":"Kumari","given":"Meena"},{"family":"Batty","given":"G. David"},{"family":"Ferrie","given":"Jane E."},{"family":"Virtanen","given":"Marianna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",10,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} <![endif]-->(2)<!--[if supportFields]><![endif]-->.
Menurut penelitian pada jurnal Lancet <!--[if supportFields]> ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"lH9M5Go4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(2)","plainCitation":"(2)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":187,"uris":["https://zotero.org/users/local/AOY6ZtVT/items/GSS2JBF3"],"itemData":{"id":187,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"The Lancet","DOI":"10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60295-1","ISSN":"0140-6736, 1474-547X","issue":"10005","journalAbbreviation":"The Lancet","language":"English","note":"publisher: Elsevier\nPMID: 26298822","page":"1739-1746","source":"www.thelancet.com","title":"Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data for 603 838 individuals","title-short":"Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke","volume":"386","author":[{"family":"Kivimäki","given":"Mika"},{"family":"Jokela","given":"Markus"},{"family":"Nyberg","given":"Solja T."},{"family":"Singh-Manoux","given":"Archana"},{"family":"Fransson","given":"Eleonor I."},{"family":"Alfredsson","given":"Lars"},{"family":"Bjorner","given":"Jakob B."},{"family":"Borritz","given":"Marianne"},{"family":"Burr","given":"Hermann"},{"family":"Casini","given":"Annalisa"},{"family":"Clays","given":"Els"},{"family":"Bacquer","given":"Dirk De"},{"family":"Dragano","given":"Nico"},{"family":"Erbel","given":"Raimund"},{"family":"Geuskens","given":"Goedele A."},{"family":"Hamer","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Hooftman","given":"Wendela E."},{"family":"Houtman","given":"Irene L."},{"family":"Jöckel","given":"Karl-Heinz"},{"family":"Kittel","given":"France"},{"family":"Knutsson","given":"Anders"},{"family":"Koskenvuo","given":"Markku"},{"family":"Lunau","given":"Thorsten"},{"family":"Madsen","given":"Ida E. H."},{"family":"Nielsen","given":"Martin L."},{"family":"Nordin","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Oksanen","given":"Tuula"},{"family":"Pejtersen","given":"Jan H."},{"family":"Pentti","given":"Jaana"},{"family":"Rugulies","given":"Reiner"},{"family":"Salo","given":"Paula"},{"family":"Shipley","given":"Martin J."},{"family":"Siegrist","given":"Johannes"},{"family":"Steptoe","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Suominen","given":"Sakari B."},{"family":"Theorell","given":"Töres"},{"family":"Vahtera","given":"Jussi"},{"family":"Westerholm","given":"Peter J. M."},{"family":"Westerlund","given":"Hugo"},{"family":"O'Reilly","given":"Dermot"},{"family":"Kumari","given":"Meena"},{"family":"Batty","given":"G. David"},{"family":"Ferrie","given":"Jane E."},{"family":"Virtanen","given":"Marianna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",10,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} <![endif]-->(2)<!--[if supportFields]><![endif]-->, orang yang bekerja terlalu banyak yaitu lebih dari 55 jam seminggu 13% lebih tinggi kemungkinan untuk terjadi serangan jantung bila dibandingkan dengan beekerja 35-40 jam seminggu. Selain itu, resiko stroke juga mningkat sebesar 33%<!--[if supportFields]> ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"esbI5cl3","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(2)","plainCitation":"(2)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":187,"uris":["https://zotero.org/users/local/AOY6ZtVT/items/GSS2JBF3"],"itemData":{"id":187,"type":"article-journal","container-title":"The Lancet","DOI":"10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60295-1","ISSN":"0140-6736, 1474-547X","issue":"10005","journalAbbreviation":"The Lancet","language":"English","note":"publisher: Elsevier\nPMID: 26298822","page":"1739-1746","source":"www.thelancet.com","title":"Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data for 603 838 individuals","title-short":"Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke","volume":"386","author":[{"family":"Kivimäki","given":"Mika"},{"family":"Jokela","given":"Markus"},{"family":"Nyberg","given":"Solja T."},{"family":"Singh-Manoux","given":"Archana"},{"family":"Fransson","given":"Eleonor I."},{"family":"Alfredsson","given":"Lars"},{"family":"Bjorner","given":"Jakob B."},{"family":"Borritz","given":"Marianne"},{"family":"Burr","given":"Hermann"},{"family":"Casini","given":"Annalisa"},{"family":"Clays","given":"Els"},{"family":"Bacquer","given":"Dirk De"},{"family":"Dragano","given":"Nico"},{"family":"Erbel","given":"Raimund"},{"family":"Geuskens","given":"Goedele A."},{"family":"Hamer","given":"Mark"},{"family":"Hooftman","given":"Wendela E."},{"family":"Houtman","given":"Irene L."},{"family":"Jöckel","given":"Karl-Heinz"},{"family":"Kittel","given":"France"},{"family":"Knutsson","given":"Anders"},{"family":"Koskenvuo","given":"Markku"},{"family":"Lunau","given":"Thorsten"},{"family":"Madsen","given":"Ida E. H."},{"family":"Nielsen","given":"Martin L."},{"family":"Nordin","given":"Maria"},{"family":"Oksanen","given":"Tuula"},{"family":"Pejtersen","given":"Jan H."},{"family":"Pentti","given":"Jaana"},{"family":"Rugulies","given":"Reiner"},{"family":"Salo","given":"Paula"},{"family":"Shipley","given":"Martin J."},{"family":"Siegrist","given":"Johannes"},{"family":"Steptoe","given":"Andrew"},{"family":"Suominen","given":"Sakari B."},{"family":"Theorell","given":"Töres"},{"family":"Vahtera","given":"Jussi"},{"family":"Westerholm","given":"Peter J. M."},{"family":"Westerlund","given":"Hugo"},{"family":"O'Reilly","given":"Dermot"},{"family":"Kumari","given":"Meena"},{"family":"Batty","given":"G. David"},{"family":"Ferrie","given":"Jane E."},{"family":"Virtanen","given":"Marianna"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2015",10,31]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} <![endif]-->(2)<!--[if supportFields]><![endif]-->. Banyak faktor yang menyebabkan overwork berhubungan dengan penyakit jantung, yaitu kurang tidur <!--[if supportFields]> ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"eeYFNW6g","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(3)","plainCitation":"(3)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":195,"uris":["https://zotero.org/users/local/AOY6ZtVT/items/CH2KUVID"],"itemData":{"id":195,"type":"article-journal","abstract":"Study Objective:\nTo examine whether exposure to long working hours predicts various forms of sleep disturbance; short sleep, difficulty falling asleep, frequent waking, early waking and waking without feeling refreshed.\n\nDesign:\nProspective study with 2 measurements of working hours (phase 3, 1991–1994 and phase 5, 1997–1999) and 2 measurements of subjective sleep disturbances (phase 5 and phase 7, 2002–2004).\n\nSetting:\nThe Whitehall II study of British civil servants.\n\nParticipants:\nFull time workers free of sleep disturbances at phase 5 and employed at phases 5 and 7 (n = 937–1594) or at phases 3, 5, and 7 (n = 886–1510).\n\nMeasurements and Results:\nWorking more than 55 hours a week, compared with working 35–40 hours a week, was related to incident sleep disturbances; demographics-adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) 1.98 (1.05, 3.76) for shortened sleeping hours, 3.68 (1.58, 8.58) for difficulty falling asleep; and 1.98 (1.04, 3.77) for waking without feeling refreshed. Repeat exposure to long working hours was associated with odds ratio 3.24 (1.45, 7.27) for shortened sleep, 6.66 (2.64, 16.83) for difficulty falling asleep, and 2.23 (1.16, 4.31) for early morning awakenings. Some associations were attenuated after adjustment for other risk factors. To a great extent, similar results were obtained using working hours as a continuous variable. Imputation of missing values supported the findings on shortened sleep and difficulty in falling asleep.\n\nConclusion:\nWorking long hours appears to be a risk factor for the development of shortened sleeping hours and difficulty falling asleep.\n\nCitation:\nVirtanen M; Ferrie JE; Vahtera J; Elovainio M; Singh-Manoux A; Marmot MG; Kivimäki M. Long working hours and sleep disturbances: the whitehall II prospective cohort study. SLEEP 2009;32(6):737–745.","container-title":"Sleep","ISSN":"0161-8105","issue":"6","journalAbbreviation":"Sleep","note":"PMID: 19544749\nPMCID: PMC2690560","page":"737-745","source":"PubMed Central","title":"Long Working Hours and Sleep Disturbances: The Whitehall II Prospective Cohort Study","title-short":"Long Working Hours and Sleep Disturbances","volume":"32","author":[{"family":"Virtanen","given":"Marianna"},{"family":"Ferrie","given":"Jane E."},{"family":"Gimeno","given":"David"},{"family":"Vahtera","given":"Jussi"},{"family":"Elovainio","given":"Marko"},{"family":"Singh-Manoux","given":"Archana"},{"family":"Marmot","given":"Michael G."},{"family":"Kivimäki","given":"Mika"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2009",6,1]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} <![endif]-->(3)<!--[if supportFields]><![endif]-->, hipertensi, kurang gerak, kelelahan, job strain<!--[if supportFields]> ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"fUdqfOE4","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(1)","plainCitation":"(1)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":191,"uris":["https://zotero.org/users/local/AOY6ZtVT/items/3CWZRQP7"],"itemData":{"id":191,"type":"post-weblog","abstract":"People who work a lot (more than 55 hours a week) are at a higher risk of cardiovascular disease, especially stroke.","container-title":"Observatoire de la prévention","language":"en-US","title":"Overwork can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease","URL":"https://observatoireprevention.org/en/2019/05/06/overwork-can-increase-the-risk-of-cardiovascular-disease/","author":[{"family":"FRCP","given":"Dr Martin Juneau","suffix":"M. D."}],"accessed":{"date-parts":[["2022",9,21]]},"issued":{"date-parts":[["2019",5,6]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} <![endif]-->(1)<!--[if supportFields]><![endif]-->.
Hal-hal yang telah disebutkan di atas, harus mendapat perhatian serius dari para pembaca. Kedepannya diharapkan muncul penelitian-penelitian baru yang menyertakan jam kerja ideal yang tidak berdampak terhadap Kesehatan fisik dan mental.
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Referensi:
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FRCP DMJ MD. Overwork can increase the risk of cardiovascular disease [Internet]. Observatoire de la prévention. 2019 [cited 2022 Sep 21]. Available from: https://observatoireprevention.org/en/2019/05/06/overwork-can-increase-the-risk-of-cardiovascular-disease/
Kivimäki M, Jokela M, Nyberg ST, Singh-Manoux A, Fransson EI, Alfredsson L, et al. Long working hours and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis of published and unpublished data for 603 838 individuals. The Lancet. 2015 Oct 31;386(10005):1739–46.
Virtanen M, Ferrie JE, Gimeno D, Vahtera J, Elovainio M, Singh-Manoux A, et al. Long Working Hours and Sleep Disturbances: The Whitehall II Prospective Cohort Study. Sleep. 2009 Jun 1;32(6):737–45.
Sumber gambar: canva.com
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